Thought of the Week - The impact of high inflation on the housing market
Inflation is high and central banks are hiking interest rates, thus increasing mortgage rates and making houses less affordable. Clearly, the current bout of inflation has an immediate impact on the housing market. But what are the long-term implications? History suggests our experience of current high inflation is likely to fundamentally influence our attitude towards houses and mortgages.
Ulrike Malmendier has almost single-handedly (with apologies to Stefan Nagel who collaborated with her in many cases) created the field of lifetime experiences and how they influence economic decisions. Her note on how the Great Depression shaped the behaviour of people for the rest of their lives led to a complete rethink among many economists on how people make decisions.
But one doesn’t need a seminal event like the Great Depression to change behaviour. An extended period of high inflation will do just as well. In 2021, Ulrike Malmendier and Matthew Botsch demonstrated that the average inflation experienced during one’s lifetime influences the kind of mortgages people take out to finance their homes. People who lived through the stagflation of the 1970s expected inflation to be higher in the future, even decades after the high inflation period ended. And because they expected inflation to be higher, they preferred fixed-rate mortgages over adjustable-rate mortgages. If you expect inflation to rear its ugly head again, that means mortgage rates are going to go up, so better fix them for as long as you can.
In the UK, mortgages have traditionally been floating-rate mortgages. Before the housing market collapse in 2006-2008, more than 80% of mortgages were floating-rate. In the aftermath of the housing crisis, banks were much less willing to sell these floating-rate mortgages and instead offered more fixedrate mortgages. Today, according to the Bank of England, 85% of all UK mortgages are fixed with some 61% fixed for five years. And in terms of newly issued mortgages, some 91% are fixed-rate.
This is probably where I have to explain to my foreign readers, particularly in the US, that the UK mortgage market has its own idiosyncrasies. In most European countries the standard mortgage is a 10-year fixed rate mortgage and in the US, it is a 30-year fixed rate mortgage. Here in the UK, we wish we had these options. To reiterate, historically most mortgages have been adjustable-rate and after the housing crisis, the best UK lenders could come up with has been a choice of 2-year fixed or 5-year fixed mortgages. I don’t know why UK banks are unable to offer 10-year fixed-rate mortgages. It is one of those British eccentricities like quoting share prices in Pence instead of Pounds Sterling. It makes everybody’s life more difficult, yet they keep doing it because they have always done it.
But the UK experience is symptomatic for people who experience higher inflation throughout their lifetime. The higher the experienced inflation, the more likely people are to take out a fixed-rate mortgage instead of an adjustable-rate mortgage. This has implications for monetary policy and the housing market. If a larger share of mortgages is fixed, it takes longer for interest rate increases by central banks to cool a booming housing market or an overheating economy. The lag between the central bank hiking interest rates and these higher interest rates influencing the real economy becomes longer and monetary policy becomes harder.
But there is also good news. If you experience higher inflation in your lifetime, you are more likely to seek to protect yourself against higher inflation. And what better way of doing so than by owning your own house instead of renting it? In another paper, Ulrike Malmendier together with Alexandra Wellsjo showed that countries with lower historical inflation have lower homeownership rates. I have always been fascinated by the differences in homeownership rates between countries. In Germany and Austria, homeownership rates are extremely low at some 40% to 50%. Meanwhile, in the UK and the US, they are between 60% and 70%.
There are many reasons for these cultural differences but the inflationary environment in different countries is certainly one of them. Immigrants in the US who come from countries with high inflation are more likely to own their homes in the US than immigrants who come from countries with low inflation. And the chart below shows that the average experienced inflation in 20 European countries is linked to the homeownership rates in these countries. A one-percentage-point increase in the lifetime inflation experience of a person increases homeownership rates by some 19 percentage points. The current inflationary environment is likely to increase lifetime inflation averages by less than 0.1 percentage points. However, if inflation hovers at high levels for longer or settles to a new normal of around 3% instead of 2%, the impact on homeownership rates could be large. And that would provide a large investment opportunity in housebuilding stocks in Europe because somebody has to provide the supply for this increasing demand.
Thought of the Day features investment-related and economics-related musings that don’t necessarily have anything to do with current markets. They are designed to take a step back and think about the world a little bit differently. Feel free to share these thoughts with your colleagues whenever you find them interesting. If you have colleagues who would like to receive this publication please ask them to send an email to joachim.klement@liberum.com. This publication is free for everyone.
